A Brief Review of Ideal Bio-Indicators, Bio-Markers and Determinants of Endemic of Fluoride and Fluorosis

Fluorosis in man and animals is the resultant of chronic exposure Fluoride (F) for prolonged period through F contaminated drinking water foods industrial pollution. However, fluoridated emissions are major sources humans domestic animals. Chronic not only deteriorate health human beings but also causes diverse adverse toxic effects on hard (teeth bones) soft (organs) tissues. Various induced pathological changes teeth bones known as dental skeletal fluorosis, respectively. fluorosis more dangerous highly significant since it diminishes mobility at a very early age develops crippling or lameness bone deformity. Thousands people suffering with worldwide. Dental rampant commonest form toxicosis appears subjects almost all groups. children bovine calves relatively sensitive susceptible to revealed earliest clinical sign poisoning fluorosis. Hence, these ideal bio-indicators intoxication Nevertheless, magnitude severity much depending density rate bio-accumulation F. Biological samples, milk, urine, blood serum, teeth, nails, etc. better bio-markers intoxication. urine concentration best bio-marker endemic In this communication, potential determinants influencing toxicity (fluorosis) considered briefly critically reviewed. Findings review useful making implementation policy commencement mitigation control programme areas where problematic animal health.